11.1 Practice Problems

Problem 11.1. Given \(h(x)=\left |3-2x\right |\),

(a).
write \(h(x)\) without the absolute value sign;
(b).
sketch its graph;
(c).
state its domain and range.

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Solution. (a). The expression inside changes sign where \(3-2x=0\), that is at \(x=\frac {3}{2}\). So \[h(x)=\begin {cases} 3-2x, & x\leq \tfrac {3}{2}\\[2pt] 2x-3, & x>\tfrac {3}{2} \end {cases}\]

(b). Two straight lines meeting at \(\left (\frac {3}{2},0\right )\): one of gradient \(-2\) coming down to that point, one of gradient \(2\) rising from it. The graph is the usual V, with its vertex on the \(x\)-axis at \(x=\frac {3}{2}\) and \(y\)-intercept \(h(0)=3\).

Equivalently, sketch \(y=3-2x\) and reflect the part below the \(x\)-axis upwards, as in the general method of this chapter.

(c). \(D_h=\mathbb {R}\), since nothing can go wrong for any input, and \(R_h=[0,\infty )\), since an absolute value is never negative and every non-negative value is attained.

Problem 11.2. Find the set of values of \(x\) for which

(a).
\(\left |3x-2\right |-\left |x-2\right |=0\)
(b).
\(\frac {1}{x-1}\geq \frac {2}{x+1}\)

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Solution. (a). The equation says \(\left |3x-2\right |=\left |x-2\right |\). Two absolute values are equal exactly when the quantities inside are equal or opposite: \[3x-2=x-2 \quad \text {or}\quad 3x-2=-(x-2).\] The first gives \(2x=0\), so \(x=0\). The second gives \(3x-2=-x+2\), hence \(4x=4\) and \(x=1\). Both check: at \(x=0\) both sides are \(2\); at \(x=1\) both are \(1\). So \(x\in \{0,1\}\).

(b). Move everything to one side rather than cross-multiplying: \[\frac {1}{x-1}-\frac {2}{x+1}\geq 0 \implies \frac {(x+1)-2(x-1)}{(x-1)(x+1)}\geq 0 \implies \frac {3-x}{(x-1)(x+1)}\geq 0 .\] Critical values are \(x=-1\), \(x=1\) and \(x=3\). Testing the sign on each interval:

interval \((-\infty ,-1)\) \((-1,1)\) \((1,3)\) \((3,\infty )\)
\(3-x\) \(+\) \(+\) \(+\) \(-\)
\(x-1\) \(-\) \(-\) \(+\) \(+\)
\(x+1\) \(-\) \(+\) \(+\) \(+\)
quotient \(+\) \(-\) \(+\) \(-\)

The expression is positive on \((-\infty ,-1)\) and \((1,3)\), and zero at \(x=3\), which the \(\geq \) admits. The values \(\pm 1\) are excluded, the expression being undefined there. Hence \[(-\infty ,-1)\cup (1,3] .\]

Note 11.8. Part (a) uses a rule worth stating on its own: \(\left |A\right |=\left |B\right |\) if and only if \(A=B\) or \(A=-B\). It is quicker than splitting into cases on the sign of each bracket, which for two moduli would mean four regions to examine.

In part (b), note which endpoints are in and which are out, and why they differ. \(x=3\) makes the expression zero and \(\geq \) allows zero, so it is included; \(x=\pm 1\) make it undefined, and no inequality can admit a point where the expression does not exist. Square bracket at one end, round at the others.

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