References

Prescribed texts

1.

Kahn, H. A., and Sempos, C. T. (1989), Statistical Methods in Epidemiology, New York, Oxford University Press.

2.

Kleinbaum, D. G., Kupper, L. L., and Morgenstern, H. (1982), Epidemiologic Research: Principles and Quantitative Methods, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold (reprinted by Wiley).

3.

Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., and Lash, T. L. (2008), Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.), Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

4.

Jewell, N. P. (2003), Statistics for Epidemiology, Boca Raton, FL, Chapman & Hall/CRC.

Further reading

1.

Andersen, E. B. (1970), Asymptotic properties of conditional maximum-likelihood estimators, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 32, 283–301.

2.

Berkson, J. (1946), Limitations of the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data, Biometrics Bulletin, 2, 47–53.

3.

Breslow, N. E. (1981), Odds ratio estimators when the data are sparse, Biometrika, 68, 73–84.

4.

Breslow, N. E., Day, N. E., Halvorsen, K. T., Prentice, R. L., and Sabai, C. (1978), Estimation of multiple relative risk functions in matched case-control studies, American Journal of Epidemiology, 108, 299–307.

5.

Breslow, N. E., and Day, N. E. (1980), Statistical Methods in Cancer Research, Vol. I: The Analysis of Case-Control Studies, Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer.

6.

Breslow, N. E., and Day, N. E. (1987), Statistical Methods in Cancer Research, Vol. II: The Design and Analysis of Cohort Studies, Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer.

7.

Charig, C. R., Webb, D. R., Payne, S. R., and Wickham, J. E. A. (1986), Comparison of treatment of renal calculi by open surgery, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, British Medical Journal, 292, 879–882.

8.

Cohen, J. (1960), A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37–46.

9.

Copeland, K. T., Checkoway, H., McMichael, A. J., and Holbrook, R. H. (1977), Bias due to misclassification in the estimation of relative risk, American Journal of Epidemiology, 105, 488–495.

10.

Cornfield, J., Haenszel, W., Hammond, E. C., Lilienfeld, A. M., Shimkin, M. B., and Wynder, E. L. (1959), Smoking and lung cancer: recent evidence and a discussion of some questions, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 22, 173–203.

11.

Cutler, S. J., and Ederer, F. (1958), Maximum utilization of the life table method in analyzing survival, Journal of Chronic Diseases, 8, 699–712.

12.

Doll, R., and Hill, A. B. (1966), Mortality of British doctors in relation to smoking: observations on coronary thrombosis, National Cancer Institute Monograph, 19, 205–268.

13.

Fay, M. P., and Feuer, E. J. (1997), Confidence intervals for directly standardized rates: a method based on the gamma distribution, Statistics in Medicine, 16, 791–801.

14.

Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., and Paik, M. C. (2003), Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions (3rd ed.), Hoboken, NJ, Wiley.

15.

Greenland, S., and Robins, J. M. (1985), Estimation of a common effect parameter from sparse follow-up data, Biometrics, 41, 55–68.

16.

Frome, E. L. (1983), The analysis of rates using Poisson regression models, Biometrics, 39, 665–674.

17.

Greenland, S., Mansournia, M. A., and Altman, D. G. (2016), Sparse data bias: a problem hiding in plain sight, British Medical Journal, 352, i1981.

18.

Greenland, S., Pearl, J., and Robins, J. M. (1999), Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research, Epidemiology, 10, 37–48.

19.

Greenland, S., Robins, J. M., and Pearl, J. (1999), Confounding and collapsibility in causal inference, Statistical Science, 14, 29–46.

20.

Greenwood, M. (1926), The Natural Duration of Cancer, Reports on Public Health and Medical Subjects 33, London, His Majesty’s Stationery Office.

21.

Hill, A. B. (1965), The environment and disease: association or causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 58, 295–300.

22.

Kaplan, E. L., and Meier, P. (1958), Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 53, 457–481.

23.

Levin, M. L. (1953), The occurrence of lung cancer in man, Acta Unio Internationalis contra Cancrum, 9, 531–541.

24.

Mantel, N. (1966), Evaluation of survival data and two new rank order statistics arising in its consideration, Cancer Chemotherapy Reports, 50, 163–170.

25.

Mantel, N., and Haenszel, W. (1959), Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 22, 719–748.

26.

McNemar, Q. (1947), Note on the sampling error of the difference between correlated proportions or percentages, Psychometrika, 12, 153–157.

27.

Miettinen, O. S. (1974), Proportion of disease caused or prevented by a given exposure, trait or intervention, American Journal of Epidemiology, 99, 325–332.

28.

Prentice, R. L., and Pyke, R. (1979), Logistic disease incidence models and case-control studies, Biometrika, 66, 403–411.

29.

Robins, J., Breslow, N., and Greenland, S. (1986), Estimators of the Mantel–Haenszel variance consistent in both sparse data and large-strata limiting models, Biometrics, 42, 311–323.

30.

Rogan, W. J., and Gladen, B. (1978), Estimating prevalence from the results of a screening test, American Journal of Epidemiology, 107, 71–76.

31.

Simpson, E. H. (1951), The interpretation of interaction in contingency tables, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 13, 238–241.

32.

Snow, J. (1855), On the Mode of Communication of Cholera (2nd ed.), London, John Churchill.

33.

Wacholder, S., McLaughlin, J. K., Silverman, D. T., and Mandel, J. S. (1992), Selection of controls in case-control studies. I. Principles, American Journal of Epidemiology, 135, 1019–1028.

34.

Walter, S. D. (1976), The estimation and interpretation of attributable risk in health research, Biometrics, 32, 829–849.

35.

Woolf, B. (1955), On estimating the relation between blood group and disease, Annals of Human Genetics, 19, 251–253.